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Roman Rota
The ''Tribunal Apostolicum Rotae Romanae'' (Latin, "Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota") — also called the Roman Rota, and anciently the Apostolic Court of Audience — is the highest appellate tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church, with respect to both Latin-rite members〔Codex Iuris Canonici () canons 1443, 1444.〕 and the eastern-rite members〔Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium () canon 1065.〕 and is, with respect to judicial trials conducted in the Catholic Church, the highest ecclesiastical court constituted by the Holy See.〔''See'' John Paul II, ap. con. ''Pastor Bonus'' art. 121, 80 Acta Apostolicae Sedis 841 (1988) (noting that the Apostolic Signatura is the supreme tribunal).〕 An appeal may be had to the Pope himself, who is the supreme ecclesiastical judge.〔1983 CIC, can. 1442〕 The Catholic Church has a complete legal system, which is the oldest still in use today. The court is named ''Rota'' (wheel) because the judges, called ''auditors'', originally met in a round room to hear cases.〔Edward Peters, ''Canon Law—Canonistics—Rota Background'', http://www.canonlaw.info/personal_rotademo.htm (updated 21 October 2006).〕 The Rota was established in the 13th century.
==Constitution==
The Pope appoints the auditors of the Rota and designates one of them the dean.〔''Pastor Bonus'' art. 127.〕 On Saturday, September 22, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI accepted the resignation as Dean, for reasons of age, of Bishop Antoni Stankiewicz, and appointed in his place Msgr. Pio Vito Pinto, until then serving as a prelate Auditor of the Court of first instance. The Rota issues its decrees and sentences in Latin.〔''Pastor Bonus'' art. 16 (Latin is the official language of the Roman Curia).〕 The Rota adjudicates cases in a panel (called a ''Turnus'') of three auditors, or more, depending on the complexity of the matter, assigned by the Dean of the Tribunal, though sometimes a larger number of auditors are assigned to a particular case.〔Canon L. Socy. Gr. Brit. & Ir., ''The Canon Law Letter and Spirit: A Practical Guide to the Code of Canon Law'' ¶ 2907, at 837 (Gerard Sheehy et al. eds., Liturgical Press 1995).〕 The auditors of the Rota are selected from among recognized ecclesiastical judges serving various Dioceses around the world.
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